Palabras clave
Microbiota
Inmunidad
Alergia
Piel y mucosa
Resumen
La microbiota humana es el conjunto de microorganismos que residen en nuestro cuerpo. Su composición filogenética está relacionada con el riesgo de padecer enfermedades inflamatorias y cuadros alérgicos. Los humanos interaccionamos con una gran cantidad y variedad de estos microorganismos a través de la piel y las mucosas. Un mecanismo de protección inmunológica es la producción de la IgA secretora (IgAS), que reconoce los microorganismos patógenos residentes y evita su interacción con las células epiteliales del hospedero mediante la exclusión inmunológica. Se creía que la única función de la IgAS en las mucosas era reconocer y excluir a los patógenos, pero gracias a la secuenciación masiva para la caracterización filogenética de la microbiota humana ahora sabemos que puede estar asociada con microorganismos patógenos y no patógenos, asociación importante para las funciones que la microbiota lleva a cabo en los epitelios: regulación de la capacidad de ciertas especies microbianas para establecerse en la piel y en las mucosas, estimulación y regulación de la respuesta inmunológica, del riesgo de desarrollar problemas inflamatorios, cuadros alérgicos, enfermedades autoinmunes e, incluso, cáncer. La microbiota establecida determina las especies bacterianas (y probablemente también virales y de protozoarios) que residen en la piel y en las mucosas, promoviendo la diversidad microbiana.Referencias
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