Resumen
El lipopolisacárido (LPS) se encuentra abundantemente en la membrana externa de las bacterias gramnegativas y es un potente estimulador de la respuesta inmunitaria. Al ser la molécula predominante en la superficie bacteriana también es la de mayor actividad biológica. La respuesta del sistema inmunitario del hospedero es activada por el reconocimiento molecular del LPS mediante el receptor tipo Toll 4 (TLR4), por lo que está íntimamente ligada a su estructura. Los microorganismos cuentan con sistemas que les permiten controlar la expresión y estructura del LPS, lo cual les es útil para modular la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedero y lograr la infección. Algunos ejemplos incluyen a Helicobacter pylori, Francisella tularensis, Chlamydia trachomatis y varias especies de Salmonella. Altas concentraciones de LPS pueden inducir fiebre, aumento del ritmo cardiaco y dar lugar a choque séptico y la muerte. En concentraciones relativamente bajas, algunos LPS son inmunomoduladores muy activos que pueden inducir la resistencia no específica a los microorganismos invasores. El esclarecimiento de los mecanismos moleculares y celulares involucrados en el reconocimiento del LPS y de sus variantes estructurales permite entender la respuesta inmune innata, la inflamación y la compleja relación hospedero-patógeno, para el desarrollo de nuevos inmunomoduladores y adyuvantes.
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