Resumen
La alergia alimentaria es una reacción adversa hacia determinados alimentos, que surge de una respuesta inmune específica, incluyendo reacciones mediadas por inmunoglobulinas (Ig) E, por células o por ambos. Aunque puede desarrollarse en individuos de todas las edades, la población infantil es la más afectada, con una prevalencia de 6 a 8 %. En condiciones de homeostasis, en el organismo existen vías de regulación y de tolerancia que impiden que los componentes de los alimentos originen daño o despierten reacciones inmunológicas adversas. Sin embargo, en condiciones específicas como carga genética predisponente, factores ambientales, patrones dietarios o exposición prematura a ciertos alimentos, no se desarrolla tolerancia y acontecen respuestas inmunológicas excesivas y aberrantes a antígenos alimentarios. La comprensión de los complejos mecanismos fisiopatológicos presentes durante el establecimiento y evolución de la alergia alimentaria permite identificar blancos terapéuticos potenciales y desarrollar terapias más efectivas dirigidas a modificar el curso natural de la alergia y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La presente revisión pretende dar una visión actualizada del conocimiento existente sobre la predisposición, vías de sensibilización, manifestaciones y tratamientos de las alergias alimentarias mediadas por IgE, profundizando en los mecanismos moleculares y celulares de su fisiopatología.
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