Abstract
Food allergy is an immune reaction that occurs frequently at a pediatric age; its prevalence is higher in industrialized countries, affecting 8% of the population in average. The most frequently involved foods are: milk, chicken eggs, soy, peanuts, fish, wheat, seafood, and dried fruits. Food allergies can be divided into three groups: IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, and mixed food allergy. The symptoms will depend on the immunological mechanisms and they can be divided into immediate or delayed symptoms; immediate symptoms appear during the first two hours after the intake, and delayed symptoms appear after the second hour and up to 72 hours. The diagnosis of food allergies requires the medical history of the patient, a physical examination, and laboratory tests; a misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary elimination diets. The gold standard is the double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenge. The main treatment is food restriction, in which the entailed nutritional and psychological implications must be taken into account. Another treatment option is oral immunotherapy, which is recommended for patients who cannot carry out an elimination diet due to its significant impact on the quality of life.
References
Sampson HA. Food allergy: Past, present and future. Allergol Int 2016;65(4):363–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.08.006
Levin ME, Warner JO. The atopic dance. Curr Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;30(3):150–4. Disponible en: https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-c3c88dbd9
Spergel JM. From atopic dermatitis to asthma: The atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010;105(2):99–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2009.10.002
Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;141(1):41–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003
Devdas JM, Mckie C, Fox AT, et al. Food Allergy in Children: An Overview. Indian J Pediatr 2018 May 17;85(5):369–74. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2535-6
Loh W, Tang MLK. The epidemiology of food allergy in the global context. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(9). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15092043
Schoemaker AA, Sprikkelman AB, Grimshaw KE, et al. Incidence and natural history of challenge-proven cow’s milk allergy in European children - EuroPrevall birth cohort. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;70(8):963–72. DOI: 10.1111/all.12630
Miyazawa T, Itahashi K, Imai T. Management of neonatal cow’s milk allergy in high-risk neonates. Pediatr Int 2009;51(4):544–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02811.x
Medina-Hernández A, Huerta-Hernández RE, Góngora-Meléndez MA, et al. Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de pacientes con sospecha de alergia alimentaria en México. Estudio Mexipreval. Rev Aler Mex 2015;28–40. DOI: HYPERLINK “https://dx.doi.org/10.29262/ram.v62i1.57” 10.29262/ram.v62i1.57
Ontiveros N, Valdez-Meza EE, Vergara-Jiménez MJ, et al. Parent-reported prevalence of food allergy in Mexican schoolchildren: A population-based study. Allergol Immunopathol 2016;44(6):563–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.03.003
Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines: Diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;69(8):1008–25. DOI: 10.1111/all.12429
Peters RL, Koplin JJ, Gurrin LC, et al. The prevalence of food allergy and other allergic diseases in early childhood in a population-based study: HealthNuts age 4-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140(1):145-153.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.019
Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med 2015;372(9):803–13. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414850
Perkin MR, Logan K, Tseng A, et al. Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants. N Engl J Med 2016;374(18):1733–43. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1514210
Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, et al. Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert panel. World Allergy Organ J 2017;10(1):1–18. DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0137-9
Lodge C, Tan D, Lau M, et al. Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr 2015;104:38–53. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13132
Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Wesley Burks A, et al. The effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: The role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, hydrolyzed formulas, and timing of introduction of allergenic complementary foods. Pediatrics 2019;143(4). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0281
Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989 Nov 18;299(6710):1259–60. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259
Valkonen M, Wouters IM, Täubel M, et al. Bacterial exposures and associations with atopy and asthma in children. PLoS One 2015;10(6):1–14. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131594
Wlasiuk G, Vercelli D. The farm effect, or: When, what and how a farming environment protects from asthma and allergic disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;12(5):461–6. DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328357a3bc
Kirjavainen P V., Karvonen AM, Adams RI, et al. Farm-like indoor microbiota in non-farm homes protects children from asthma development. Nat Med 2019;25(7):1089–95. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0469-4
Tordesillas L, Berin MC. Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018;55(2):107–17. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8680-5
Pabst O, Mowat AM. Oral tolerance to food protein. Mucosal Immunol 2012;5(3):232–9. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.4
Lack G. Update on risk factors for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129(5):1187–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.036
De Silva D, Geromi M, Halken S, et al. Primary prevention of food allergy in children and adults: Systematic review. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;69(5):581–9. DOI: 10.1111/all.12334
Liu X, Zhang S, Tsai HJ, et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to allergen sensitization in a Chinese twin study. Clin Exp Allergy 2009;39(7):991–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03228.x.
Gupta RS, Walkner MM, Greenhawt M, et al. Food Allergy Sensitization and Presentation in Siblings of Food Allergic Children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016;4(5):956–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.04.009
Martino D, Neeland M, Dang T, et al. Epigenetic dysregulation of naive CD4+ T-cell activation genes in childhood food allergy. Nat Commun 2018;9(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05608-4
Canani RB, Paparo L, Nocerino R, et al. Differences in dna methylation profile of th1 and th2 cytokine genes are associated with tolerance acquisition in children with ige-mediated cow’s milk allergy. Clin Epigenetics 2015;7(1):1–9. DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0070-8
Lluis A, Depner M, Gaugler B, et al. Increased regulatory T-cell numbers are associated with farm milk exposure and lower atopic sensitization and asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133(2). DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.034
Paparo L, Nocerino R, Cosenza L, et al. Epigenetic features of FoxP3 in children with cow’s milk allergy. Clin Epigenetics 2016;8(1):4–9. DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0252-z
Krajewski D, Kaczenski E, Rovatti J, et al. Epigenetic regulation via altered histone acetylation results in suppression of mast cell function and mast cell-mediated food allergic responses. Front Immunol 2018;9:1–15. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02414
Bunning BJ, DeKruyff RH, Nadeau KC. Epigenetic Changes During Food-Specific Immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016;16(12). DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0665-y
Hong X, Hao K, Ladd-Acosta C, et al. Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Peanut Allergy-Specific Loci and Evidence of Epigenetic Mediation in U.S. Children analyzed the data with guidance from Weeks DE HHS Public Access 2015; DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7304.Genome-wide
Dreskin SC, Ayars A, Jin Y, et al. Association of genetic variants of CD14 with peanut allergy and elevated IgE levels in peanut allergic individuals. Ann Allergy, Asthma Immunol 2011;106(2):170–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.11.008
Liu X, Beaty TH, Deindl P, et al. Associations between specific serum IgE response and 6 variants within the genes IL4, IL13, and IL4RA in German children: The German Multicenter Atopy Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113(3):489–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.037
Campos Alberto EJ, Shimojo N, Suzuki Y, et al. IL-10 gene polymorphism, but not TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms, is associated with food allergy in a Japanese population. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008;19(8):716–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00709.x
Liu AH, Jaramillo R, Sicherer SH, et al. National prevalence and risk factors for food allergy and relationship to asthma: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126(4):798-806.e14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.026
Kumar R, Tsai HJ, Hong X, et al. Race, ancestry, and development of food-allergen sensitization in early childhood. Pediatrics 2011;128(4):821–9. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0691
Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: A 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112(6):1203–7. DOI: 10.1016/S0091-6749(03)02026-8
Tsakok T, Marrs T, Mohsin M, et al. Does atopic dermatitis cause food allergy? A systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;137(4):1071–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.049
Visness CM, London SJ, Daniels JL, et al. Association of obesity with IgE levels and allergy symptoms in children and adolescents: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123(5):1163-1169.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.1126
Poole A, Song Y, Brown H, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of vitamin D in food allergy. J Cell Mol Med 2018;22(7):3270–7. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13607
Mullins RJ, Clark S, Katelaris C, et al. Season of birth and childhood food allergy in Australia. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011;22(6):583–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01151.x
Allen KJ, Koplin JJ, Ponsonby AL, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with challenge-proven food allergy in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131(4):1109-1116.e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.017
Ng RLX, Scott NM, Bisley JL, et al. Characterization of regulatory dendritic cells differentiated from the bone marrow of UV-irradiated mice. Immunology. 2013;140(4):399–412. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12145
Yamazaki S, Nishioka A, Kasuya S, et al. Homeostasis of Thymus-Derived Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Is Controlled by Ultraviolet B Exposure in the Skin . J Immunol 2014;193(11):5488–97. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400985
Koplin JJ, Suaini NHA, Vuillermin P, et al. Polymorphisms affecting Vitamin D-binding protein modify the relationship between serum Vitamin D (25[OH]D3) and food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;137(2):500-506.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.051
Savage J, Sicherer S, Wood R. The Natural History of Food Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016;4(2):196–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.024
Skripak JM, Matsui EC, Mudd K, et al. The natural history of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120(5):1172–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.023
Wood RA, Sicherer SH, Vickery BP, et al. The natural history of milk allergy in an observational cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131(3):805-812.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.060
Lambert R, Grimshaw KEC, Ellis B, et al. Evidence that eating baked egg or milk influences egg or milk allergy resolution: a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy 2017;47(6):829–37. DOI: 10.1111/cea.12940
Arik Yilmaz E, Cavkaytar O, Buyuktiryaki B, et al. Factors associated with the course of egg allergy in children. Ann Allergy, Asthma Immunol 2015;115(5):434-438.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.08.012
Peters RL, Allen KJ, Dharmage SC, et al. Natural history of peanut allergy and predictors of resolution in the first 4 years of life: A population-based assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135(5):1257-1266.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.002
Chin S, Vickery BP. Pathogenesis of food allergy in the pediatric patient. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012;12(6):621–9. DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0296-x.
Shu SA, Yuen AWT, Woo E, et al. Microbiota and Food Allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019;57(1):83–97. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8723-y
Hadis U, Wahl B, Schulz O, et al. Intestinal Tolerance Requires Gut Homing and Expansion of FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells in the Lamina Propria. Immunity 2011;34(2):237–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.016.
Hacini-Rachinel F, Gomez de Agüero M, Kanjarawi R, et al. Intestinal dendritic cell licensing through Toll-like receptor 4 is required for oral tolerance in allergic contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;141(1):163–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.022
Venegas DP, De La Fuente MK, Landskron G, et al. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol 2019;10. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00277
Smith PM, Howitt MR, Panikov N, et al. The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic Treg Cell Homeostasis. Science 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):569–73. DOI: 10.1126/science.1241165
Singh N, Gurav A, Sivaprakasam S, et al. Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immunity 2014;40(1):128–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.007
Digby JE, Martinez F, Jefferson A, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in human monocytes are mediated by GPR109A dependent mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012;32(3):669–76. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241836
Cox MA, Jackson J, Stanton M, et al. Short-chain fatty acids act as antiinflammatory mediators by regulating prostaglandin E2 and cytokines. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15(44):5549–57. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5549
Baxter NT, Schmidt AW, Venkataraman A, et al. Dynamics of human gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in response to dietary interventions with three fermentable fibers. MBio 2019;10(1):1–13. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02566-18
Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 2016;535(7610):75–84. DOI: 10.1038/nature18848.
Thaiss CA, Zmora N, Levy M, et al. The microbiome and innate immunity. Nature 2016;535(7610):65–74. DOI: 10.1038/nature18847
Goto Y, Obata T, Kunisawa J, et al. Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation. Science 2014;345(6202):1–14. DOI: 10.1126/science.1254009
Chinthrajah RS, Hernandez JD, Boyd SD, et al. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of food allergy and food tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;137(4):984–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.004
Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Katz Y, Mehr SS, et al. Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135(5):1114–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025
González-Delgado P, Caparrós E, Moreno MV, et al. Clinical and immunological characteristics of a pediatric population with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) to fish. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016;27(3):269–75. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12529
Caubet JC, Bencharitiwong R, Ross A, et al. Humoral and cellular responses to casein in patients with food protein–induced enterocolitis to cow’s milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;139(2):572–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.047
Renz H, Allen KJ, Sicherer SH, et al. Food allergy. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2018;4. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.98
Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Chehade M, Groetch ME, et al. International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary—Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;139(4):1111-1126.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.966
Nowak-Węgrzyn A. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome and allergic proctocolitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2015;36(3):172–84. DOI: 10.2500/aap.2015.36.3811
Jeebhay MF, Moscato G, Bang BE, et al. Food processing and occupational respiratory allergy- An EAACI position paper. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019;74(10):1852–71. DOI: 10.1111/all.13807
Chapman JA, Bernstein IL, Lee RE, et al. Food allergy: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(S1):S1–68. Disponible en: https://www.aaaai.org/Aaaai/media/MediaLibrary/PDF %20Documents/Practice %20and %20Parameters/food-allergy-2006.pdf
Kattan JD, Sicherer SH. Optimizing the Diagnosis of Food Allergy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2015;35(1):61–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.009
Matricardi PM, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hoffmann HJ, et al. EAACI Molecular Allergology User’s Guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016;27:1–250. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12563.
Waserman S, Bégin P, Watson W. IgE-mediated food allergy. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol 2018;14(s2):1–11. DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0284-3
Sampson HA, Aceves S, Bock SA, et al. Food allergy: A practice parameter update - 2014. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;134(5):1016-1025.e43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.013
Dang TD, Tang M, Choo S, et al. Increasing the accuracy of peanut allergy diagnosis by using Ara h 2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129(4):1056–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.056
Asarnoj A, Movérare R, Östblom E, et al. IgE to peanut allergen components: Relation to peanut symptoms and pollen sensitization in 8-year-olds. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;65(9):1189–95. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02334.x
Alessandri C, Zennaro D, Scala E, et al. Ovomucoid (Gal d 1) specific IgE detected by microarray system predict tolerability to boiled hen’s egg and an increased risk to progress to multiple environmental allergen sensitisation. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42(3):441–50. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03915.x
Ebisawa M, Brostedt P, Sjölander S, et al. Gly m 2S albumin is a major allergen with a high diagnostic value in soybean-allergic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.028
Kattan JD, Sampson HA. Clinical reactivity to soy is best identified by component testing to Gly m 8. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015;3(6):970-972.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.06.002
Connors L, O’Keefe A, Rosenfield L, et al. Non-IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol 2018;14(s2):1–9. DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0285-2
Meyer R, Chebar Lozinsky A, Fleischer DM, et al. Diagnosis and management of Non-IgE gastrointestinal allergies in breastfed infants—An EAACI Position Paper. Allergy 2020 Jan 27;75(1):14–32. DOI: 10.1111/all.13947
Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M, et al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018 Mar;66(3):516–54. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001889.
Tabbers MM, Dilorenzo C, Berger MY, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: Evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58(2):258–74. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000266
Ballmer-Weber BK, Beyer K. Food challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;141(1):69-71.e2. DOI: 1016/j.jaci.2017.06.038
Sampson HA, Gerth Van Wijk R, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. Standardizing double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology-European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130(6):1260–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.017
Yanagida N, Sato S, Asaumi T, et al. Risk Factors for Severe Reactions during Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Food Challenges. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017;172(3):173–82. DOI: 10.1159/000458724.
American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology [sitio web]. Estados Unidos: Allergists Respond to Death of 3 year-old Boy During Oral Food Challenge; 2017 Disponible en: https://acaai.org/allergists-respond-death-3-year-old-boy-during-oral-food-challenge
Bird JA, Leonard S, Groetch M, et al. Conducting an Oral Food Challenge: An Update to the 2009 Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee Work Group Report. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020;8(1):75-90.e17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.029
Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Assa’ad AH, Bahna SL, et al. Work Group report: Oral food challenge testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123(6). DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.03.042
Azamar-Jácome AA, Azamar-Jácome MA, Borjas-Aguilar KL, et al. Clinical-epidemiological profile of oral allergy syndrome in the population aged 6 to 18 years. Rev Alerg Mex 2017;64(2):142–52. DOI: 10.29262/ram.v64i2.235
Bedolla-Barajas M, Alcalá-Padilla G, Morales-Romero J, et al. Peanut allergy in Mexican children: What is the effect of age at first consumption? Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016;15(1):53–61. Disponible en: https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/631
Navarrete-Rodríguez EM, Del Rio-Navarro BE, Pozo-Beltrán CF et al. Reporte preliminar del abordaje diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria en pacientes con antecedente de dieta de eliminación. Rev Alerg Mex 2014; 61: 298-304. Disponible en: https://revistaalergia.mx/ojs/index.php/ram/article/view/4/16
Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133(2):291-307.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020
Sampson HA. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107(5 SUPPL.):891–6. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.114708
Perry TT, Matsui EC, Kay Conover-Walker M, et al. The relationship of allergen-specific IgE levels and oral food challenge outcome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114(1):144–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.009
Sporik R, Hill DJ, Hosking CS. Specificity of allergen skin testing in predicting positive open food challenges to milk, egg and peanut in children. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(11):1541–6. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00928.x
Bloom KA, Huang FR, Bencharitiwong R, et al. Effect of heat treatment on milk and egg proteins allergenicity. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014;25(8):740–6. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12283
Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Fiocchi A. Rare, medium, or well done? The effect of heating and food matrix on food protein allergenicity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;9(3):234–7. DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832b88e7
Pajno GB, Fernandez-Rivas M, Arasi S, et al. EAACI Guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: IgE-mediated food allergy. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;73(4):799–815. DOI: 10.1111/all.13319
Burbank AJ, Sood P, Vickery BP, et al. Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016;36(1):55–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.08.007
Nurmatov U, Dhami S, Arasi S, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for IgE-mediated food allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;72(8):1133–47. DOI: 10.1111/all.13124
Vickery BP, Vereda A, Casale TB, et al. AR101 Oral Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy. N Engl J Med 2018 Nov 22;379(21):1991–2001. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812856
Nilsson L, Brockow K, Alm J, et al. Vaccination and allergy: EAACI position paper, practical aspects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017;28(7):628–40. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12762
Parisi CAS, Smaldini PL, Gervasoni ME, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to the Sabin vaccine in children with cow’s milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2013;43(2):249–54. DOI: 10.1111/cea.12059
Turner PJ, Southern J, Andrews NJ, et al. Safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in young people with egg allergy: Multicentre prospective cohort study. BMJ 2015;351:1–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h6291
Kelso JM. Allergic reactions after immunization. Ann Allergy, Asthma Immunol 2013;110(6):397–401. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.03.001
Dreskin SC, Halsey NA, Kelso JM, et al. International Consensus (ICON): Allergic reactions to vaccines. World Allergy Organ J 2016;9(1):1–21. DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0120-5
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista Alergia México