Identificación y sensibilización a hongos ambientales en Lima, Perú

Abstract

Identification and sensitization to environmental fungal spores in Lima City, Peru.

Introduction:
Knowledge about local airborne allergens in any geographical area is essential for effective diagnosis and specific treatments such as allergen Immunotherapy. Special consideration should be given to fungal spores due to the constant humidity of the city of Lima. Our main objective was to identify and registry the most important fungal spores trapped in our aerobiology station, as well as to report the prevalence of skin sensitization to these allergens.
Material and Methods:
The pollen counts were made according to standardized technique with a Burkard seven days spore trap, following the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) through National Allergy Bureau (NAB) recommendations. The trap was installed on the roof of Clinica SANNA el GOLF, San Isidro, which is 20 m high, 12°5'54"S 77°3'6"W in the west-south of the Lima urban area. The sampling period was performed from September 2020 to October 2021.
Skin prick tests were carried out according to the recommendations of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (SEAIC) in 200 patients (18 to 60 years old) with symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma, who were evaluated in the Allergology Service of Clinica SANNA el Golf. Allergenic extracts were applied, dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Blomia tropicalis), cat and dog danders, cockroach (Periplaneta americana), grass 6 mix, weed mix, molds (Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Nigrospora spp.), INMUNOTEK-Spain provided the extracts. We also tested other fungal allergens such as Fusarium spp, Stemphylium spp, Curvularia spp, a mixture of Helmintosporum/Dreschlera spp. from the DIATER-Argentina laboratory.
Results:
We identified spores of Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium spp., Nigrospora spp., Stemphylium spp., Fusarium spp., Curvularia spp., Dreschlera/Helmintosporum spp.
The patients showed sensitization to Cladosporium herbarum (14%), Fusarium spp. (13.5%), Nigrospora spp. (8%), Alternaria Alternata (7%), Stemphylium (6%), Dreschlera/Helmintosporium spp. (5.5%), Curvularia spp. (3%), Aspergillus fumigatus (2.5%).
Conclusions:
The inhabitants of the south-western area of the urban city of Lima are exposed to different fungal spores with allergenic potential, with a higher concentration being identified during the summer/autumn months. Cutaneous sensitization is demonstrated in variable percentages to the fungal spores identified in this aerobiological sampling. The results of this study should be expanded and compared with data in the forthcoming years, identify seasonal and annual fluctuations and extend the traps to other locations in Lima.