Abstract
The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are reminiscent of those of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by cytokine release syndrome and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis that is observed in patients with other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Neurologists face the challenge of assessing patients with pre-existing neurological diseases who have contracted SARS-CoV-2, patients with COVID-19 who present neurological emergencies, and patients who are carriers of the virus and have developed secondary neurological complications, either during the course of the disease or after it. Some authors and recent literature reports suggest that the presence of neurological manifestations in patients who are carriers of SARS-CoV-2 may be associated with a greater severity of the disease.
References
Organización Mundial de ls Salud [Internet]. Ginebra, Suiza: Brote de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus
COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University & Medicine [Internet]. EE. UU.: Johns Hopkins University & Medicine; c2021. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Majid F, Ali M, Somayeh M, Cyrus AR. Neurobiology of COVID-19. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76(1):3-19. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-200581
Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, et al. The natural history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2020;1-28. DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5
Mohammadi S, Moosaie F, Aarabi MH. Understanding the immunologic characteristics of neurologic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and potential immunological mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol. 2020;57(12):5263-5275. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02094-y
Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27(5):1451-1454. DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
Han R, Huang L, Jiang H, Dong J, Peng H, Zhang D. Early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. AJR Ame J Roentgenol. 2020;215(2):338-343. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.20.22961
García LF. Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11.1441. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441
Chong K, Mehta PR, Shukla G, Mehta AR. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: a neurological perspective. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;77:13-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.124
Cheng Q, Yang Y, Gao J. Infectivity of human coronavirus in the brain. EBioMedicine. 2020;56:102799. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102799
Li H, Xue Q, Xu X. Involvement of the nervous system in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurotox Res. 2020;38(1):1-7. DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00219-8
Kursat-Azkur A, Akdis M, Sokolowska M, van de Veen W, Brüggen C, O’Mahony L, et al. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1564-1581. DOI: 10.1111/all.14364
Guihot A, Litvinova E, Autran B, Debré P, Vieillard V. Cell-mediated immune responses to COVID-19 infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1662. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01662
Kim SY, Kim DW. Does the clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) show regional differences? Clin Exp Otorhinnolaryngol. 2020;13(2):83-84. DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2020.00612
Abboud H, Abboud FZ, Kharbouch H, Arkha Y, Abbadi NE, Ouahabi AE. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathophysiology and clinical effects on the nervous system. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:49-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.193
Zhou Z, Kang H, Li S, Zhao X. Understanding the neurotropic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2: from neurological manifestations of COVID-19 to potential neurotropic mechanisms. J Neurol. 2020;267(8):2179-2184. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09929-7
Fathi N, Rezaei N. Lymphopenia in COVID-19: therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2020;44(9):1792-1797. DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11403
Koralnik IJ, Kenneth LT. COVID-19: a global threat to the nervous system. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1002/ana.25807
Asadi-Pooya AA, Simani L. Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2020;413:116832. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116832
Brouwer MC, Ascione T, Pagliano P. Neurologic aspects of COVID-19: a concise review. Infez Med. 2020;28(Suppl 1):42-45. Disponible en: https://www.infezmed.it/media/journal/Vol_28_suppl1_2020_7.pdf
Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(9):767-783. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, de Siati DR, Horoi M, D Le Bon S, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251-2261. DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
Politi LS, Salsano E, Grimaldi M. Magnetic resonance imaging alteration of the brain in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and anosmia. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(8):1028-1029. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2125
Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, Quanwei H, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-690. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
Tsai ST, Lu MK, San S, Tsai CH. The neurologic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a systemic review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:498. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00498
Xiangming Meng, Yanzhong Deng, Zhiyong Dai, Zhisheng Meng. COVID-19 and anosmia: a review based on up-to-date knowledge. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(5):102581. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102581
Bolay H, Gül A, Baykan B. COVID-19 is a real headache! Headache. 2020:10.1111/head.13856. DOI: 10.1111/head.13856
Yavarpour-Bali H, Ghasemi-Kasman M. Update on neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Life Sci. 2020;257:118063. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118063
Correia AO, Feitosa PWG, Moreira JLDS, Nogueira SÁR, Fonseca RB, Nobre MEP. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses: A systematic review. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2020;37:27-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2020.05.008
Merkler A, Parikh N, Mir S, Gupta A. Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 20019 (COVID19) vs patients with Influenza. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(11):1-7. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730
Ferrarese C, Silani V, Priori A, Galimberti S, Agostoni E, Monaco S, et al. An Italian multicenter retrospective-prospective observational study on neurological manifestations of COVID-19 (NEUROCOVID). Neurol Sci. 2020;41(6):1355-1359. DOI:10.1007/s10072-020-04450-1
Vacchiano V, Riguzzi P, Volpi L, Tappatà M, Avoni P, Rizzo G, et al. Early neurological manifestations of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Neurol Sci. 2020 Aug;41(8):2029-2031. DOI:10.1007/s10072-020-04525-z
Sharifian-Dorche M, Huot P, Osherov M, Wen D, Saveriano A, Giacomini PS, et al. Neurological complications of coronavirus infection; a comparative review and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurol Sci. 2020;417:117085. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117085
Nepal G, Rehrig JH, Shrestha GS, Shing YK, Yadav JK, Ojha R, et al. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):421. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z
Pinna P, Grewal P, Julianne P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969
Wang L, Shen Y, Li M, Chuang H, Ye Y, Zhao H, et al. Clinical manifestations and evidence of neurological involvement in 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2020;267(10):2777-2789. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09974-2
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, van Laethem Y, Cabaraux P, Mat Q, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. 2020;288(3):335-344. DOI: 10.1111/joim.13089
Romero-Sánchez CM, Díaz-Maroto I, Fernández-Díaz E, Sánchez-Larsen Á, Layos-Romero A, García-García J, et al. Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry. Neurology. 2020;95(8):e1060-e1070. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937
Divani AA, Andalib S, di Napoli M, Lattanzi S, Shazam-Hussain M, Biller J, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 and stroke: clinical manifestations and pathophysiological insights. J Stroke Cerebr Dis. 2020;29(8):104941. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104941
Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, et al. A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062
Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B, et al. COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features. 2020;296(2):E119-E120. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020201187
Krett J, Jewett GA, Elton-Lacasse C, Fonseca K, Hahn C, Selena A, et al. Hemorrhagic encephalopathy associated with COVID-19. J Neuroimmunol. 2020;346:577326. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577326
Dixon L, Varley J, Gontsarova A, Mallon D, Tona F, Muir D, et al. COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(5):e789. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000789
Safaa Saeed Al Mazrouei, Ghufran Aref Saeed, Abeer Ahmed Al Helali, Manzoor Ahmed. COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: neurological manifestation of COVID-19. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(9):1646-1649. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.07.009
Orsucci D, Caldarazzo-Ienco E, Nocita G, Napolitano A, Vista M. Neurological features of COVID-19 and their treatment: a review. Drugs Context. 2020;9:2020-5-1. DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-5-1
Kilinc D, van de Pasch S, Doets AY, Jacobs BC, van Vliet J, Garssen MPJ. Guillain-Barré syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(9):1757-1758. DOI: 10.1111/ene.14398.
Dalakas MC. Guillain-Barré syndrome: the first documented COVID-19-triggered autoimmune neurologic disease More to come with myositis in the offing. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(5):e781. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000781
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Revista Alergia México